3 Measures for Avoiding Risks of Bloodborne Pathogens Due to Indirect Contact

Bloodborne pathogens are known to cause many contagious diseases including some that do not have any definitive cure, thus making them one of the biggest threats in the healthcare field. Realizing that taking adequate preventive measures is the best way to keep such diseases at bay, premier healthcare organizations and even the industry has stressed on the importance of bloodborne pathogen certification courses which impart the requisite knowledge to the employees for avoiding the ever-present risk of such infections.

Recognizing symptoms of such diseases, understanding and following the exposure control plan formulated by your employer and using the proper gear during the administration of minor treatments and for invasive medical procedures like surgeries are taught in such courses. However the threat of bloodborne pathogens continues to remain high even after administering treatment due to faulty and outright unsafe follow-up practices.

In addition to certain prominent topics like universal precautions and infection control a bloodborne pathogen certification also teaches you to avoid threats due to indirect contact by adopting the following 3 measures.

• Safe Disposal: Just because the treatment procedure is complete doesn't mean that you are no longer at risk from bloodborne pathogens. You can still contract diseases if you come in contact with carelessly discarded needles and other contaminated materials like used gloves, bandages and gauze. Some of the organisms remain potent for a number of days even if the blood or fluid dries up. One of the modules in your training will also tell you the importance of safe disposal of used materials. This will include using a sharps container for putting used needles, broken glass and any other sharp and disposable instruments so as not to injure yourself as well as others. Also any other contaminated items must be put in special bags meant for the purpose and promptly taken to the designated area for disposal by the waste management workers.

• Proper Labelling: A training course will further teach you the importance of labels and also how to identify standard signs and symbols used to indicate hazardous materials and areas. When disposing of contaminated materials you must ensure that the bags and containers are properly labelled so that the other staff will be cautious when handling the same. Similarly fluid and blood samples for testing must also be labelled and stored safely. In addition you will understand the danger of storing food and eating near places where such infected materials are kept.

• Maintaining Hygiene: Another important but oft neglected aspect of healthcare is the maintenance of proper hygiene. The course will tell you how following a set of simple hygiene steps are the most effective ways to prevent infection due to such pathogens. It will tell you the proper techniques for hand washing when performing routine duties and even in cases of accidental exposure.

Studies have pointed out that the risks of infection in a healthcare facility continue to be high due to poor implementation of safety measures. A bloodborne pathogen certification course will tell you the importance of such measures and also how to implement them for increasing safety.

3 Reasons Why First Aid Certification Is So Vital For First Responders

First aid is the procedure for providing immediate assistance in case of injuries or illnesses to stabilize the person till a more advanced medical help takes over treatment or until the person reaches a hospital. The versatility and range of this initial procedure is such that it can address certain minor issues entirely and can even prevent fatality in a life threatening situation.

During an emergency the first responders on the scene provide the required first aid. At times they can be members of the public who happen to be nearby and have had some prior training in first aid, however in a majority of cases professionals like paramedics and even firefighters and the police arrive first and have to administer suitable first aid.

The nature of the job of first responders is such that completing a first aid certification course is a must; the following points will bring out the importance.

• Increased Threats: The environment you live in today is changing rapidly where constant advances in the society and economy have a huge impact on your lives. While such development has its advantages, the increase in population, number of vehicles, increased traffic, reliance on machinery and electronic gadgets, more high-rises, and changed lifestyle have all lead to an increase in the number of accidents and also cause a significantly higher number of health problems. In current times the first responder has to tackle many more cases and that too of diverse types. A first aid course will ensure that such a professional learns about all the different possibilities and the ways to handle them.

• Stress Management: The job of a first responder is extremely stressful. These professionals arrive on the scene when the person's condition is the most precarious and to add to that they do not have the support of any kind of prior knowledge or test reports unlike the hospital staff, and have to ascertain the situation and proceed to administer treatment as quickly as possible. Moreover there is often a group of bystanders at such places who might make the movement difficult. More often than not first responders will find themselves in chaotic and rather unfavorable circumstances and thus come under a lot of stress. First aid training teaches such professionals how to manage stress and still provide the most effective treatment to the victim.

• Safety: A scene of an accident often poses several safety issues like fire, falling debris, live wires, oncoming traffic, poisonous gases and rapidly flowing water. Besides effective management of the victim a first aid course will teach you to look for any potential dangers nearby before approaching the site because the safety of first responders is as important as that of the victim.

Getting a first aid certification is required if you want a job as a first responder like a paramedic, but in addition such training is advantageous as it will give you the competence to address any unknown threats and in better management of the victim, onlookers and even your own self.

How Does Ultrasound Therapy Work?

Ultrasound Therapy:

Definition
Ultrasound; sound waves vibrating at frequencies above those that the human ear can hear, greater than 20,000cycles per second (hertz, Hz).

Therapeutic ultrasound is that which is used for therapeutic (rather than diagnostic) purposes and is usually produced at 1 million cycles per second or 1 megacycle (MHz). Generally US frequency is between 0.7 and 3.3 MHz.

Introduction

Ultrasound was first researched in Europe and was introduced to the United States in the early 1950`s, since this time, the use of ultrasound has grown, and it remains a very popular modality today.

Mechanism of action

US is produced by a high-frequency alternating current being applied to a crystal made of quartz or a synthetic (i.e. barium titanate or lead zirconate). The current causes the crystal to bend, first in one direction and then the other, as the current alternates. This deformation of the crystal creates what is called piezoelectric energy. The vibration energy is transferred to a metal plate, usually nickel-plated brass, and then the patient's tissue. The crystal and metal plate are housed in the transducer or sound head of the unit.

Physical properties
It is not transmitted through a vacuum
It is transmitted poorly through gases
It is transmitted best through gas-free liquids and high-density solids
The console
Similar to a radio transmitter.
Has an oscillator that produces electromagnetic wave at high frequencies.

Transducer head

Converts electromagnetic waves into sound waves.
Larger transducer surface is better (7-13cm*), but small enough to maintain skin contact.
Waves are emitted in a cylindrical beam perpendicular to traducer surface. Therefore hold the transducer head parallel to tissue surface.
Never allow the beam to shoot straight into the air without gel or water as this may damage the crystal.

To test crystal: water on the head, turn up the intensity the water should stream.
Coupling agents
Air does not conduct well, must use a coupling medium. Use a commercial gels, not mineral oil and some gels will contain substances that can promote healing such as, vit E, aloe.
Attenuation
As US travels through human tissue, it gradually decreases in intensity due to attenuation. Attenuation is the result of absorption, reflection and refraction, with absorption accounting for about half of attenuation.
- Proteins are the major absorbers of US
- Increase protein content increase absorption
- Tissues with high water content decrease absorption (waves pass through)
- Homogenous tissues decrease absorption (fat)
- Heterogeneous tissues, fascia planes increase absorption
e.g. bone\ periosteum, fat \ muscle, diff muscle groups.
- Bone reflects waves, which meet incoming waves: resonance therefore heat production (periosteal burning)
- Metal artefacts reflects waves but absorb heat therefore caution
Absorption
Conversion of the mechanical energy of US into heat is expressed as an absorption coefficient and is dependent on tissue type and frequency. This coefficient is expressed in decibels/cm and is highest for tissues with the highest collagen content and increase in proportion to the US frequency.
Absorption coefficients in decibels/cm at 1 and 3 MHz
Half depth
The depth of tissue at which the US intensity is half its initial intensity is frequency and tissue type dependent
Half depths in mm at 1 and 3 MHz

Reflection
Is the redirection of an incident beam away from a reflecting surface at an angle equal and opposite to the angle of incidence. US waves are reflected at tissue interfaces with most reflection occurring where there is the greatest difference between the acoustic impedance of adjacent tissues.
There is 100% reflection of US at an air-skin interface and only a 0.1% reflection at couple medium- skin interface. In the body most reflection approx 35% occurs at soft tissue-bone interface.

Refraction

The redirection of a wave at an interface
When refraction occurs, the US wave enters the tissue at one angle and continues through the tissue at a different angle.

Frequency

The number of compressions-rarefactions cycles per unit of time expressed as (hertz). Increasing the frequency decreases the depth of penetration.
Use 1 MHz for tissue up to 5 cm deep and 3 MHz for tissue 1 to 2 cm deep.

Dosage

There is no certain way of exactly calculating how much energy is absorbed in any particular tissue, the decision about dosage is a matter of judgement to some extent. This judgement must be based on the known factors governing ultrasound absorption and is based on the following:
Mode of delivery:

- Continuous output
Continuous delivery of US throughout the treatment period
Used sub acute and chronic stages
- Pulsed output
Sound on and off alternately (variable ratio)
I.e. 20% or 1:5 duty cycle is on 20% of the time off 80% of the time: on for 2ms off for 8ms
When ultrasound is delivered in at pulse mode, with a 20% duty cycle or lower the heat generated during the time on is dispersed during the off time.

Used more for acute and sub-acute stage where heat is not desirable. Also pulsed US has been shown to increase cellular permeability more the constant US (see below) especially at 1:5 at an intensity of 0.5-0.75 W/cm.

Power
The amount of acoustic energy per unit time (Watts)

Intensity
The power per unit area of the transducer head expressed in Watts/cm and is limited to 3W/cm
The intensity applied should be altered in accordance with the nature of the lesion (chronic higher than acute) tissue type (see above) lower intensities for higher absorbers.

When applying US for non-thermal effects rules of thumb, use 0.5 to 1.0 W/cm. For thermal effects when using a frequency of 1 MHz use an intensity of between 1.5 to 2.0 W/cm, at a 3MHz frequency usually an intensity of 0.5 W/cm is sufficient due to the energy being absorbed in a smaller more superficial volume of tissue. When looking to achieve thermal effects you expect the patient to feel a mild warming after 2 to 3 minutes of treatment, if this does not take place increase the intensity.
Time The amount of energy applied to the tissues and hence the effects is dependent not only the intensity but also the length of time applied. In general, treatment duration should be increased when lower intensities or lower frequencies are used.

Minimum treatment times are considered to be 1-2 min, maximum 10-15 min. It is also suggested that chronic lesions benefit from longer treatment times.
Effects of US on human tissue

Thermal effects

The friction caused by the vibration of the molecules within the patient's tissues will produce heat. Therefore US can be used as a thermal agent to increase the temperature of deep tissues on average soft tissue temperature has been shown
to increase by 0.02C per minute at 1 W/cm at 1MHz. The thermal effects are similar to thermotherapy (see thermotherapy notes) however US can heat deeper structures and can be applied more accurately then superficial heating agents. US is also selective and will heat tissues with a higher absorption coefficient (bone, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules, fascia) more than those with low coefficients (fat, muscle).

To increase heat being delivered the duration and/or intensity can be increased. Frequency will effect penetration with 3MHz will heat tissue up to 1 to 2 cm deep, whereas 1MHz will heat tissue up to 5cm
Note that with 3MHz the max temperature is higher, but the depth of penetration is lower.

Non Thermal effects

Cavitation
Cavitation is the formation of tiny gas or vapour filed bubbles in the tissues as a result of ultrasound. During the compression phase bubbles are compressed and during rarefaction phase they expand.

Stable cavitation: occurs when the bubbles oscillate in size within the ultrasound pressure waves but remain intact and when associated with acoustic steaming, is considered to have therapeutic value. See below Transient cavitation: occurs when the volume of bubble changes rapidly and than collapse causing high-pressures and temperature changes, resulting in gross tissue damage and free radical release. This happens at high intensities

Micro-streaming
As a result of cavitation there is a localised, unidirectional fluid movement around the vibrating bubble. These very small fluid movements around cells called micro-streaming and are believed to play a significant role in the therapeutic effect of US by altering the permeability of cell membranes so increase the diffusion rate of ions across the membrane, e.g. Ca which act as a second messenger, may stimulate the repair process. Na, which alters electrical activity in nerves, therefore could be involved in pain relief. Also associated with increase mast cell degranulation, increase chemotactic factors, histamine release increase macrophage responsiveness and increase the rate of protein synthesis by fibroblasts. All of which is thought to enhance healing.

Acoustic streaming
This is a steady circulatory flow due to radiation torque and is thought to alter cellular activity by transporting martial from one part of the US field to another.

Micro-massage
The waves of compression and rarefaction may produce a form of micro-massage which could reduce oedema and break down adhesion at high intensities.

Phonophoresis
Is the application of US in connection with a topical drug preparation as a couple medium as US pulsation's increase skin absorption of chemical substances i.e.
counter irritants, vitamins, salicylates etc.

Pain control
US is believed to control pain by altering its transition or perception or by modifying the underlying condition.

Stimulation of cutaneous thermal receptors
Changes in nerve conduction by thermal changes or non-thermal effects
Modulation of inflammation
Placebo

13 Must-Haves for a Good First-Aid Kit

In our fast-paced world, we could hurt ourselves while doing even the simplest tasks. Being trained in first-aid but not having a kit around would be quite pointless. A simple first-aid kit can be put together and kept at an easily accessible place in your house, work place, your handbag or even in the car. Tell a friend or someone in your family about your kit, in case there is ever a need where you need to be administered first-aid.

You could buy a commercially available kit or you could also assemble one to make sure the contents are carefully selected by you. A few essentials are:

• Band-aids, water-proof and the normal cloth ones. Keep a strip of 10-12 at any given point.
• Bandages, they are bigger than band-aids and help tie up bigger wounds or even to wrap around your arm or leg.
• An anti-pain balm, in case there is a muscle pull or a body-ache that you need to take care of.
• Couple of rolls of gauze, to tie up bandages or even cover a wound.
• An antiseptic cream, for small cuts, rashes and bruises.
• A disinfectant solution is always handy while cleaning an injury.
• A pair of scissors to cut band-aids or gauze.
• A pair of tweezers, in case you need to remove small thorns or glass pieces.
• A cream to treat burns either due to too much sun or a fire.
• Clean napkins and cotton swabs, to wipe or pat dry an injury. Or even to wipe a little child's tears.
• A small bottle of clean water, in case you need to wipe something off and are a little away from a tap.
• A pair of gloves so that you do not touch blood with naked hands, you cannot put yourself in trouble while helping others.
• A thermometer, just in case temperatures rise or fall due to the injury.

Make sure you keep a tab on the expiry dates for everything in your kit, the last thing you want to do is administer dated medication to an injured person. Try not to keep any kind of tablets or pills, you may never know about a person's medical allergies or reactions. If your kit is going to be for the house, you could add a few tablets keeping in mind what your family members are allergic to.

A first-aid kit can be altered according to where it will be used. The one for the house could have a host of other things added. The one for the playground, workplace or the one in your car could have a completely different set of things altogether.

In case you are taking a large group of people outdoors, your first-aid kit should be equipped to tackle more serious injuries such as snake or insect bites, sprains or fractures or even breathing problems. A good, clean first-aid kit is essential for first-aid training. You just never know when you need to use your training.

Natural and Practical Ways on How to Lower Cholesterol Without Medication

Currently healthy living for many people around the world has been difficult and though many are trying as much to avoid various free radicals care is needed to find better preventive measures which are affordable. Natural ways on how to lower cholesterol without medication has been called for by many health experts due to their practical nature among other benefits. However, cholesterol is that waxy product which exists within human body mostly in blood streams and cells; it is produced by human body after digestion and absorption of foods.

These product is needed by the body but not huge amounts are required thus the need to lower them in order to reduce associated side effects. High density levels of lipoprotein can bring about build up of plaque within arteries and thus can cause heart attacks. Ways of reducing their levels also need lots of attention because costs and expenses should be commensurate for them to be relied upon. Prevention and control measures are always ongoing hence the need to make them consistent.

Animal products are common ways which affect amounts of cholesterol and thus users need to control them by reducing their intake. These foods include meat, butter, cheese, milk and also poultry products among others. Calories need to be restricted to amounts between twenty five and thirty percent per meal. Additionally, saturated fats need not to fall less than seven percent because this will make the body to produce more cholesterol.

Another way is increasing fiber intake through uses of foods such as whole grain, vegetables, legumes and also fruits. All these foods however, help the body by reducing absorption of that waxy substance into human bloodstream. Around twenty five to thirty grams are needed of this fiber per day for adults; however, adequate amounts of water are needed so as to prevent cases of constipation.

Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acid needs to be increased by use of walnut, almonds and hazelnuts so as to reduce levels of this waxy product. These nuts should be low on sugars; users need to ensure that they are not coated with salts of any kind because they have high levels of calories. However, one serving is recommended per day equal to one handful.

Increases of dietary intake of antioxidants may be needed to help reduce productions of cholesterol within the body. Olive oil is recommended to replace use of fats and about two tea spoons will be healthy for the heart. Additionally, plant sterol found in foods like orange juices, margarine and yogurt drinks have proven to help bring about healthy living.

Apart from improving the diets other methods exist which are good when levels of cholesterol needs to be controlled. Exercises are needed more during the day; however, thirty to around sixty minutes are recommended so that it helps reduce levels of waxy substance being absorbed into bloodstream.

Smoking is one habit which needs to be stopped in order to allow brain functioning to go on well as it will reduce amounts of oat bran. Finally, another brilliant way on how to reduce cholesterol without medication is the use of spices through uses of cinnamon, garlic and also chili peppers. With all these measures healthy and longer will never be missed.

Malignant Cancerous Moles, What are the Signs, Detection, Symptoms and Cures of Melanoma

Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer. It is also known as malignant melanoma skin cancer. In this hub, you'll learn how to distinguish a malignant mole and know the signs and symptoms of malignant moles and its treatment.

Melanoma and Malignant Moles

Almost everyone has moles. I honestly don’t know anyone without a mole in his body. Some people even have them like little stars scattered all over their skin. As we notice, moles are different. Some are brown, black or reddish. Some are flat, round while others are roughly raised and wrinkled. As we notice, too our moles are changing and evolving as we grow up. And we, all must know by now that certain moles and mole like skins are cancerous and can be malignant. And as what everyone always says ‘prevention is better than cure’, all of us must be cautious and be more watchful in observing and checking our skins particularly moles to know the earliest time if we have malignant mole or malignant melanoma skin cancer.

Why early detection is quite important? The early discovery of having a cancerous mole is always better because one, it can be one hundred percent curable; two, it will be stopped from spreading and three, you will avoid the most serious and most dangerous form of skin cancer that causes high number of deaths.

What is melanoma and what are signs of cancerous moles?

Melanoma is a malignant tumor that originates in melanocytes, the cells which produce the pigment melanin that colors our skin, hair, and eyes. The majority of melanomas are black or brown. However, some melanomas are skin-colored, pink, red, purple, blue or white according to Skin Cancer Foundation. Melanoma diagnosis cases are more common in Caucasian populations living in sunny climates or in those who use tanning salons. So regulate your tanning sessions folks. According to a World Health Organization, report about 48,000 melanoma related deaths occur worldwide per year. Whoa, this kind of skin cancer is that deadly huh. Melanoma is just one from the kinds of skin cancer. The other types of skin cancer are listed below.

Types of skin cancer

Different types of skin cancer: There are three common kinds of skin cancer.

• Basal cell cancer - are present on sun-exposed areas of the skin, especially the face. These type of skin cancer cells are quickly treated by skin surgery or radiation.

• Squamous cell cancer – are commonly present as a red, crusted, or scaly patches.

• Malignant melanoma – are deadly once spread, also referred from cancerous moles and is discussed in this article.

Who are prone to melanoma and cancer of the skin?

So who are prone to melanoma and what causes this kind of deadly skin cancer? Is everyone at risk?
Studies show that there are a higher percentage of men who are reportedly diagnosed with cancer of the mole (melanoma) than that of the number of women. Also white people with fairer skins and those who live in sunny states have higher risk. Heredity is also a big factor. A person with a first-degree relative diagnosed with melanoma has a 50 percent greater chance of developing the skin cancer. If you had the other types of skin cancer before, you are more likely to develop melanoma. Studies show also that if someone had breast cancer, it raises the chance of getting melanoma. Exposure to UV rays and radiation of course can cause any type of cancer. And the more moles you have, the more chance of risk of for melanoma.

How to avoid melanoma

• Avoid over-exposure to the sun and when you need to, apply sunblocks. Avoid getting sunburns and getting tanned especially using a tanning booth or tanning bed, since it increases your exposure to UV rays and radiation.

• Eat more healthy foods such as fruits and veggies to have a strong resistance and strong immune system.

• Be aware of the signs and symptoms of cancerous moles and skin cancer. Early detection can save you and can prevent getting a malignant melanoma. Know the melanoma warnings, signs and skin cancer facts because knowing is the best prevention of skin cancer.

Treatment and cure of melanoma, the deadliest skin cancer

Melanoma is 100 percent curable if it is detected early. If you have the symptoms of melanoma, it is best to undergo skin examination with a doctor specializing with the skin. If the doctor finds your mole so suspicious and abnormal, you will then undergo a biopsy or skin cancer lesion so the pathologist can examine if the tissue has cancerous cells. If the pathologist found it malignant, it is best to suggest having a second biopsy examination because melanoma is a serious skin cancer and is so hard to diagnose. See the complete treatment procedure and stages of melanoma treatment in the National Cancer Institute

Signs of cancerous moles

How would you know if a mole is benign or malignant from cancer? Majority of moles in the skin are not harmful and dangerous however one must be alert to observe strange appearance and changes because a normal mole at birth may develop into a cancerous mole and become malignant in the days. Even if you won’t see a sign of a cancerous mole, it is still best to consult a skin doctor and specialist to surely detect one and avoid the risks of skin cancer. Remember, the more moles you have on your body, the greater risk for melanoma. Below are the warnings and signs of cancerous moles and having a melanoma.

• The existing mole changes in color. A sign of skin cancer is detected when you notice your mole or wart is having different colors, like from brown to light brown or tan or black, actually combination of all.

• The existing mole changes in size and shape. This includes the border and diameter of the mole. If the border changes and becomes irregular it’s a sign. If the diameter is expanding and enlarging, it’s a warning of melanoma. Melanomas usually are larger in diameter than the size of the eraser of a pencil (1/4 inch or 6 mm).

• The mole is evolving. All in all if the mole is changing in appearance from time to time, in shape, size, color, texture, and any symptom such as itching, bleeding and crusting, it has a higher risk to melanoma.

To sum up and easily remember the signs whether the mole is cancerous, remember the ABCDE warnings of recognizing melanoma.
A – asymmetry
B - border
C - color
D - diameter
E - evolving

Lung cancer: Squamous cell carcinoma

Lung cancer is considered one of the dangerous cancers among all and it is estimated to cause more than 150000 deaths each year in the United States alone. At the same time, there are more than 220,000 lung cancer patients diagnosed each year in the US and many of them are not lucky enough to survive for more than 5 years from the day of their diagnosis.

Why lung cancers have a poor prognosis?

According to researchers, most lung cancers are slow growing and will take many years before they manifest. Due to this reason, lung cancers can go unnoticed until late and by the time it is detected, it may have already spread to nearby as well as distant organs. Once metastasized, lung cancers are hard to treat as they have the potential to spread to organs such as the brain, liver, bone, adrenals, small intestine…etc.

What are the different types of lung cancers?

Most lung cancers belong to the group, ‘non-small cell lung caners’ while rest belongs to ‘small cell lung cancers’. Non-small cell lung cancers are made up of three distinct histological (cellular) types and these include, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma of the lungs. Out of which, adenocarcinomas are considered to be the commonest lung cancer which accounts for almost 40 – 50 % while squamous cell carcinoma accounts for almost 25 – 40 % of all lung cancers. However, squamous cell carcinomas used to be the commonest lung cancer few decades back.

What is the histological significance of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung?

Squamous cell carcinoma is thought to arise from the ‘reserve cells’ present in the lining epithelium of airways in the lungs (Bronchi). These cells facilitate repair of damaged cells of the bronchi in the normal state and at some point, becomes mutated and therefore cancerous. Therefore, these cancers are usually located in the center of the lungs and could grow into large sizes and form cavities in certain instances. With advancing disease, these cancers could become locally invasive or spread through blood and lymph towards distant organs.

What are the causes for squamous cell carcinomas of the lungs?

In almost all instances, the squamous cell carcinomas of the lungs are related to smoking and the risk of developing the cancer has a direct association with both the number and the duration of smoking. Thus, it may manifest even in younger patients and when someone withholds smoking, the risks become significantly low. However, there are several other risk factors contributing to this type of cancers and among them, family history, second hand smoking, exposure to certain metals and dusts…etc could be highlighted.

How does these cancers manifest?

With time, these patients could develop a cough, which may not respond adequately for usual treatment methods. It can persist and sometimes become worse, gradually. At the same time, breathlessness and blood stained sputum could also be noted although this may not be the case in many patients. Non-specific symptoms such as weight loss, loss of appetite and low-grade fever can also be present in some patients.

How squamous cell carcinomas of the lungs are diagnosed?

A definite diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma requires analyzing a tissue or fluid specimen obtained from the lungs (at the site of the cancerous lesion or from any fluid collections) and this may be done through CT guided aspiration, through bronchoscopy or else using other surgical methods. However, in certain instances, cancer cells may be visible in the sputum samples as well.

What are the treatment modalities available for lung cancers?

Surgical excision of the cancerous tissue or sometimes an entire half of the lung would be necessary to treat these patients although the 5 year survival rate could be very poor among most of them. However, if the cancer is detected early and if it is well localized, the chances of survival could be as high as 40% and it may reach 80% when the patients are less than 30 years old.

Cancer Etiquette

Cancer invaded my life many years ago. I'm not a personal victim of cancer but I feel I've been victimized by witnessing the agony my loved ones have endured. I personally witnessed events and statements in their lives while they were fighting the beast. I feel compelled to share some of the common sense knowledge I've learned over the years. Possibly by me sharing this hub another cancer survivor or fighter won't have to hear or deal with uncomfortable moments or questions. There are many people who never had to deal with cancer, to them it's just something that happens to others which is understandable. Those people might not know what to say or do when they hear someone is struggling to save their life. I hope this helps you learn what to say and what not to say when your encountered with an awkward situation. This is my opinion and the responses I've heard from victims over the last 11 years.

Don't ever, ever tell someone "You have the good cancer!" There is no such thing as a good cancer, cancer is cancer and all cancers are deadly but treatable if caught early. Early detection is of upmost importance but sometimes there are no symptoms. Either way there are NO GOOD CANCERS.

Don't be afraid to ask a cancer victim or their family member how they are feeling. How their treatments are going. Some people think they shouldn't approach the subject because they don't know if it's the right time, there is no such thing as the right time....just ask....if they don't want to discuss it they will tell you that. On the other hand, they might need to vent so ask only if you truly care and want to hear their response no matter how lengthy it might be.
Don't assume cancer is contagious and by discussing it you might catch it. That's impossible but that question has been asked, oddly enough.

Don't say "You don't look like you have cancer"! How is someone with cancer supposed to look? The monster is internally gnawing away at their organs, their hearts are heavy with sadness....that's not always possible to see. Not all cancer patients are bed-ridden waiting to die. Medical technology has come a long way in treating cancer and victims can now live a lot longer and have more productive lives.

Don't say "I'll pray for you" unless you truly intend to pray for them. Granted there are some people who keep a list of ones to pray for but I believe that most people say that because they feel it's customary. If you intend to actually pray for that person than say it, if not something such as "I'll be thinking of you", "You'll be in my thoughts" or "break a leg" will suffice.

Don't offer to chauffeur a patient to an appointment or hold someones hand during a procedure unless you intend to. Many people out of the goodness of the hearts offer assistance and don't come through when needed so please don't offer and get their hopes up unless you are able to be there.

Do call them. A phone call to say hello and share some memories or to simply talk about the weather are appreciated. Conversations don't have to revolve around cancer. Trust me, patients want to forget they have the beast sometimes and escape into your world if even for a little while.
Don't ignore them and assume by doing so there isn't an issue. Cancer isn't that easy to get rid of. Your loved one is ill and now is the time they need interaction from you. Your support is an important part of healthy healing. Without support a cancer victim might not have a purpose to fight as hard as they should.

Do suggest to stop by for a visit, bring along a delicious cake and savor the moment . Your heart will be enlightened by your meaningful visit. Your loved one will cherish the time you spent together. Even if no words are spoken your presence alone could make their day.

Do offer to cook a meal, mow the lawn, babysit the children etc..... these deeds might seem small to you but will be huge in the mind of your loved one.

Don't preach to them....if they drink, smoke, eat a pizza...don't tell them it's unhealthy, don't you think they already know that. It's their bodies to do with what they please. We all make choices in life, show them the respect by allowing them to make theirs.

Don't suggest alternative forms of treatment, healthier lifestyles, vitamins or supplements....trust me they have been there and heard it and possibly tried it. That's what their physician and Google is intended for.

Do remember silence is deadly and so is cancer. One we have control over and one we don't. Be the best you can be and show your support without being overly sympathetic which can actually make your loved one feel worse.

Don't forget humor is the best medicine. Laugh with them until you both can't laugh anymore and then laugh even more!!!

Don't ask "Are you cancer free now"? Ugh! There is no such thing as cancer free! We were all born with cancer cells in our bodies. These cells are inactive until they become active. So you get cancer when there are more factors that promote cancer growth than factors that inhibit cancer growth. It’s that simple.

Added bonus: Do be your own advocate for your health. Doctors are human and they make mistakes. No one knows your body like you. Without thoroughly explaining all of your symptoms no matter how trivial you think they might be your physician won't be able to effectively diagnose you. Keep in mind you made the choice to "hire" your physician for his abilities. So, unless you feel comfortable with his performance, you are free to speak your mind until you receive the answers that you are comfortable with.

Disclaimer: I'm not judging anyone. I understand how it might be uncomfortable and you might be at a loss for words. I'm not a medical professional. I'm an advocate for victims of cancer and their loved ones. My terminology might offend someone and for that I apologize but my personal journey has brought me to this point. In 2002 I lost my mother to a six year battle with Colon Cancer. I've been by my husband's side during his five year battle with Prostate Cancer and the emotional roller coaster takes it's toll at times. My heart goes out to all cancer fighters and their families.
Wishing you well.

Skin Cancer Prevention Information

What Is Skin Cancer?

Skin cancer, like other cancers, is an uncontrolled growth of cells. Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer; over 2 million new cases were detected in the U.S. alone in 2010 and its occurrence is rising in all races.
Although skin cancer is most often found on skin exposed to the sun, it also occurs in other areas. There are three major types of skin cancer: basal cell, squamous cell and melanoma.

Skin Cancer Prevention-Ultraviolet Light

The number one method of preventing skin cancer is to avoid exposing your skin to the ultraviolet rays of the sun. Whether you do this through the use of clothing and hats covering your skin or the use of sunscreens makes little difference, but it is important to do every season of the year.
It's easy to discount effects of the sun on your skin when the weather is cold and frosty, but those rays of sunshine are no less efficient at exposing you to their ultraviolet rays than in the warmer months.

The use of tanning beds and tanning lights also expose your skin to harmful ultraviolet radiation.
The American Cancer Society explains the three types of ultraviolet rays and the potential for damage each type can do: UVA rays cause your skin to age and wrinkle and may damage DNA in cells and are thought to be a cause of skin cancer. UVB rays directly damage DNA in cells and are the rays responsible for sunburns. These rays have been linked to most skin cancers. UVC rays are unable to penetrate our atmosphere and are not usually a cause of skin cancer.

Nothing protects you completely from all the UV rays of the sun. A darker, more tightly woven material in clothes affords more protection than lighter colors and lighter weight materials. If you can see through the fabric, the UV rays can penetrate it.

The clothing market now offers some clothes that have been specially treated to block UV rays. Additionally, there are now products that you can use in the laundry that afford greater UV protection to clothing washed in them.

Wear sunglasses to protect both your eyes and the delicate skin around your eyes from the harmful effects of the sun.

The American Academy of Dermatology and the American Cancer Society recommend using a sunscreen with a SPF factor of at least 30. The higher the SPF factor, the more protection from UV rays, but not sunscreen protects 100 percent.

Sunscreen should be applied thickly and re-applied often--every 2 hours for most sunscreens. One ounce--or a palmful--of sunscreen should be used to cover an adult's arms, legs, face and neck. Don't neglect the outside of your ears.

Skin Cancer Prevention Risk Factors

Although all races and skins types develop skin cancer, light-skinned people are more prone to skin damage from the sun. Light skin burns more easily than dark skin because there is less melanin in the skin. Melanin, which produces skin pigment, offers some protection against UV rays. And light skin burns more easily from the sun; sunburns are thought to be one of the causes of melanomas.
People with a family history of skin cancer are more likely to develop the condition than those people without such a history.

People with a large amount of moles, irregular or large moles may be more apt to develop skin cancer due to UV ray exposure. If you live or vacation at high altitudes, your risk of radiation from UV rays is higher than those who do not. Certain autoimmune disorders make people more vulnerable to the harmful effects of the sun, such as lupus.

A variety of medications increase your vulnerability to develop skin cancer: Birth control pills, tetracyclines, some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as naproxen, phenothiazines and triclyclic antidepressants. Ask your health care provider or pharmacist if any of the medication you are taking causes increased photosensitivity (more prone to the negative effects of UV rays).

Skin Cancer Prevention: What You Can Do

The American Cancer Society recommends checking your skin once a month to detect any changes in moles, blemishes or freckles. In this way, you'll be able to detect when new discolorations or suspicious spots. Changes in moles or other skis areas such as an increase in size, bleeding, change in shape or texture should be reported to your health care provider as soon as possible.
Early detection is as important as prevention when it comes to skin cancer.

Once a year, during your routine check-up or during a visit with a dermatologist, have your skin examined thoroughly for skin cancer. If you are in one of the high-risk groups to develop skin cancer, talk with your health care provider to determine if more frequent examinations of your skin are warranted. One in five Americans are projected to develop skin cancer during their lifetime; don't be that one. Think prevention, then early detection.

How To Control Diabetes and Prevent Unwanted Health Complications?

Diabetes, also known as Diabetes Mellitus, is a metabolic disorder that is becoming increasingly common among people. The carbohydrates consumed by us are converted in to glucose and are made to enter the muscle, fat and liver cells. This fuels or energizes you to perform day to day tasks. An organ pancreas secretes insulin which allows the transportation of glucose from blood stream to the body cells. If this chain of phenomena gets disrupted due to some reason, glucose builds up in blood, leading to diabetes. Diabetes may be classified in to the following types:

1. Type1 diabetes: In this type, body produces less insulin. The amount produced is not sufficient for moving the glucose from blood stream to body cells. As a result glucose collects in blood making you diabetic.

2. Type1 diabetes: In this type, the body cells become unresponsive to insulin. Consequently they fail to absorb the glucose from bloodstream.

3. Gestational diabetes: This type affects women who are pregnant.

Diabetes produces symptoms like excessive thirst, excessive hunger, frequent urination, weight loss, fatigue, blurry vision, irritability and slow healing of wounds. The possible diabetes triggers are heredity, aging, obesity, consumption of high fat diet, pregnancy, excessive alcohol intake, over-eating habits, stress, hypertension, high blood triglyceride levels and physical inactivity. Diabetes can lead to life-threatening complications like, heart disease, stroke, renal failures, blindness, leg ulcers and nerve damage.

Ways to control diabetes:

1. Self monitoring is now possible with devices like Glucometer. This is a boon. You can check your blood glucose levels any time you want and at home. This will help you to take timely precautions and control your soaring blood glucose levels.

2. You can control your diabetes by using external or implanted insulin pumps.

3. Intake of oral hypoglycemic drugs like Thiazolidinediones, Meglitinides, Sulfonylureas, Biguanides etc would help you to keep your glucose levels in check.

4. Consume a diet low in saturated fat and concentrated sweet and rich in fiber.

5. Exercise regularly to do away with obesity, inactivity and also for accelerating the metabolic rate. Brisk walking is quite beneficial as a diabetes control measure.

6. Give up alcohol drinking and smoking.

7. Relieve your stress through yoga, meditation, deep breathing or spas.

8. Learn from a professional the method of injecting insulin. You have to sincerely stick to the routine of taking insulin injections daily. Generally a patient has to take 2-3 insulin injections each day prior to meals.

9. Go for regular medical check ups. It will help you in controlling your diabetes.

10. You can try out the following home remedies for diabetes control:

a) Drink bitter gourd juice every morning to control your diabetes.
b) Chew fresh curry leaves two times daily to get rid of diabetes.
c) Soak fish berries in water overnight. In the morning, crush the berries to extract the juice. Drink it to lower your blood glucose levels.
d) Mix half teaspoon each of dry, powdered bay leaf and turmeric powder with 1 tablespoon Aloe Vera juice. Take the mixture twice daily to check your diabetes.
e) Boil 10-15 mango leaves in 1 glass water. Keep overnight. In the morning, strain and drink the water in empty stomach.

Jambolan fruit extracts for Diabetes support

Jambolan Cumini as otherwise it is a well known result known in India for control of diabetes. However, many do not know your blood sugar or glucose control properties of Jambolan. Jambolan is known by many names and is a favorite fruit of many animals. It has been mentioned in Ayurveda is one of the largest fruit Jambolan ever.

Jambolan historically been used for non-diabetic diseases, but in the 16th century was discovered by one of the most important Ayurvedic scholars seeds have anti-diabetic properties. Since then not only traditional medicine, modern science also began in the concentration of glucose in the blood or properties of blood sugar control. Ayurvedic scholar mentions three types of varieties Jambolan. However, only one survived. The leaves, bark and seeds are the most useful parts in which the seeds are popular for their antidiabetic properties. In traditional Ayurvedic medicine used to help Jambolan thirst, diarrhea, and in healing wounds. The most important ingredient of the antidiabetic effect shown, jamboline (a chemical) in the seeds.

In my practice of Ayurveda, this is how I used Jambolan

• Dried seeds powder three times a day at one gram each dose will help to reduce the high blood sugars, in addition, it  helps to reduce the insulin dose too
• Two grams of dried seeds powder will reduce polyuria of any cause.
• Dried seeds powder at one gram per day will help to reduce irritable bowel syndrome.
• Both seeds and leaves improve uterine function.
• Regular intake of fruits for 2-3 months help to heal bleeding hemorrhoids.
• The fruit rind is helpful in alleviating liver enlargement.
• Seeds decoction with honey prevents thirst and fatigue due to physical strain.
• One of the best detoxifying agents when combined with certain herbs. ( I observed this very much)
• Seeds decoction has anti septic activity.
• Fruits reduce excessive salivation.

Fruit pulp per 100 gm has following constituents…

Trace elements     4%

Calcium               15 mg

Phosphorus         15 mg

Iron                    12 mg

Vitamin C            18 mg     



Modern science has focused on Jambolan’s blood sugar or blood glucose properties. Helmstädter A.  a well known professor from Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany mentioned that in pre insulin era Jambolan was used to have wide acceptance as an adjuvant therapy for diabetes type II. Later, like many medicinal herbs it has gone into the dark. As per his observations, up to 30% in glucose reduction can be expected from Jambolan seeds. The unique phenomenon in Jambolan seeds is that the main ingredient jamboline a chemical alone would not exhibit anti diabetic property. With the catalytic activity and association with other inorganic or inactive substances in the seed, it exhibits the anti diabetic activity.

Modern science does not have a broad vision on herbs and their actual properties. It observes in its own way rather than understanding the nature’s principles where, the real benefits and effects of herbs are missing. Certain herbs never exhibit their efficacy in the absence of associated inorganic materials. The best example is Jambolan. Though it has good anti diabetic activities, the current extraction processes are destrying the therapeutic activity as this burns out most of the organic materials.

In my experience, I suggest my patients to eat the jambolan fruits, which certainly help to enhance the insulin activity and sensitivity. In addition, seeds powder can be taken as an adjuvant both for type II diabetes, insulin dependent or non-insulin dependent. The real fact of my observation is that Jambolan showed its effectiveness in preventing or postponing the onset of diabetes. The real benefit is at the stage of IFG (Impaired fasting glucose) which can be well controlled with jambolan, both with fruit as well as seed powder. Regulation of IFG prevents the early onset of diabetes and further conditions. Each herb has its own mode of action in diabetes, at various stages. The cumulative and rational combination of these herbs certainly would help for safe diabetes control and prevention. When Jambolan extract is used with conjunction of Gymnema, Bitter Melon, Salacia, Cinnamon, Fenugreek, it makes one an excellent product.
 

Risk Factors For Diabetes

Risk factors for diabetes, if you have diabetes, you should be very serious dangers that can damage your health. There are 5 main risks of diabetes on health. This condition is very common and is very acceptable and familiarity. If you are struggling with pre-diabetes or diabetes, it is important to be aware of the risks involved. Here are the five major risks:• Cancer
There were 97 studies shows and analysis of data shows that more than 820,000 people at risk for pancreatic cancer, liver, colon, lung, ovarian, breast and bladder cancer.• Depression
Not only is the body with diabetes, including impaired mental health is severely affected. There are a quarter of people with diabetes who suffer from depression. This rate is twice as high as people without diabetes. People experience feelings of depression, denial and anger. Daily changes in lifestyle and the care required by diabetes. Mental stress can be taken to keep it under control. If you are facing a depression, it will be difficult to control diabetes. This leads to an increased risk for complications of diabetes and poor glycemic control.• Kidney disease
Filtration system is administered by the kidneys is diabetes. This makes it difficult to remove residual blood. However, there are many diabetics who do not notice the disease. These are difficult cases in which diabetes lead to kidney disease, or irreversible kidney failure can. This may require dialysis or kidney transplantation.• Naturopathy or diabetic nerve damage
Sometimes blood sugar levels rise to a large extent. This can cause severe damage to blood vessels. This leads to nerve damage or natural medicine to treat diabetes. This condition can lead to numbness, pain or tingling in the feet, legs and arms. This nerve damage can also lead to difficulty walking or weakness. The nerves of the bladder, heart, stomach, intestines, reproductive organs and the eyes may also be affected. This is the most serious of all risk of diabetes.• shortening the life span
The life expectancy at any age is reduced by diabetes. This reduction is of complications associated with the disease. People with diabetes often from heart disease, depression or suffer a disability. This risk of diabetes should be cared for outside.

Information on K9 diabetes

K9 diabetes is very much on top of a hill. This form of diabetes is very common in dogs. These are statistics that diabetes develops over 400 dog shows. Many people are ignorant about the symptoms of diabetes K9. This ignorance can lead to serious problems. It can lead to infections and blindness. If left untreated, can lead to death. Here are the main symptoms of diabetes:
First Dogs drink more water than usual. This seems to be a red flag for most pet owners. Sometimes the animals are thirsty, suddenly. This continues for several days. This is mainly due to rising blood sugar level. The body requires more and more water to rinse to treat the glucose in the system. The amount of water consumed much greater. You will never be aware of the symptoms. You can also display frequent urination.

Second Frequent urination is also a major symptom of this type of diabetes. Even if the pet consumption increased water not obvious, frequent urination is easily perceptible. Animals ask to go out very often. Sometimes it becomes very difficult for the animals in order to keep the urine.

Third Pets often feel tired and lethargic. At first, they are energetic companions. But later, they lose all interest in life. All I wanna do is sit around. The pet owner may determine that the animal is very tired and weak most of the time.

Fourth is noted sudden weight loss or weight gain. The animal loses or gains weight for no reason. This is when you should consult a veterinarian. Sometimes it feels starved animals, but shows no signs of the onset or even lose weight. This may be an important symptom for many problems. However, diabetes in dogs, the only reason.

Fifth Breath of the Beast is very sweet. This is contrary to the usual dog breath. The breath of the put option has a very sweet smell. This is most obvious signs of increased blood sugar levels. This is when the pet should be taken to the vet.

Sixth Another symptom of hypoglycemia or hypoglycemia are trembling.

Seventh Sometimes animals are potentially persistent infections. So you need to take proper care of diabetes K9.

Vegetable to be consumed by the diabetic people

Diabetes is a disease much talk in recent times. Many people worldwide suffer from this disease. A person becomes diabetic when the level rises in blood sugar levels. Eat foods is sugar, which then leads to the cell for later use. Hormones for the conversion of the nutrients sugar, starch and other foods in the different energy that is required, "insulin" is formed in the pancreas. When insulin is not formed correctly or not working properly, diabetes is caused. Different types of diabetes are Type 1, Type 2 or gestational diabetes. A balanced diet, stress-free life and plenty of exercise can reduce risk factors for diabetes in a person. Before you can plan your diet, it is important to know about vegetables for diabetics.

Ideally, the diet of each of us contain green leafy vegetables and fruits every days, but the diabetic diet should be less sugar. The vegetables of the kinds of strength, not strength. Vegetables for people with diabetes should be at least the strength. Spinach, lettuce, broccoli, cauliflower, tomatoes, cabbage are some of the non-starchy vegetables may be safe for consumption by diabetics. Fresh vegetables, leafy greens and colorful vegetables are recommended for diabetics, and because these plants have enough antioxidants and is low in calories. These factors are useful to keep a person healthy and fit.

The consumption of non-starchy vegetables, so people with diabetes keep within the blood sugar level in blood. The amount of carbohydrates should be compared with the sweet foods in the diet plan. Some starchy vegetables for people with diabetes are :


1. Green leafy vegetables
2. Beans
3. Corns
4. Yams
5. Potatoes
6. Lettuce
7. Tomato
8. Bitter gourd


Bitter gourd is a very good and known vegetable for controlling and prevention of diabetes in people. The diabetic patient must consume the juice of bitter gourd each morning in empty stomach. This will help in keeping the blood glucose level within limit. Diet alone might not be helpful in treating the blood sugar level alone. Overweight is one of the reasons for diabetes specially the Type 2, in most of the people. It is better to do exercises regularly along with a proper diet chart.